If you've been looking for something new and different in movies, anything which departs from the usual emphasis on special effects, constant remakes (e.g., The Dark Knight, 2008), and endless Indiana Jones sequels – in short, the kind of output to which we're being treated lately by our Hollywood studios – may I suggest a couple of foreign flicks. I'd had access of late to my sister's library of Polish-made films, and it's been a most gratifying experience: they're noteworthy.
Polish cinematography has nothing of course to be ashamed of. Ever since Knife in the Water made its debut at the 1963 Academy Awards, Roman Polanski had quickly established himself as one of the premiere movie makers in the West; and at the age of 75 he's still active. No less can be said of Polish writing. Aside from Joseph Conrad, whose numerous novels have been adapted into successful movie scripts [e.g., Sabotage (1936); Lord Jim (1965); Apocalypse Now (1979)], the more recent crop of Polish writers includes Jerzy Kosinski [e.g., The Painted Bird and Being There (also a movie)] and Stanislaw Lem (Solaris). And there's Czeslaw Milosz of course. But all these artists and their work have benefitted from uniquely Western exposure and distribution system. The films I have seen did not. Consider this a feeble effort on my part to remedy this defect.
i
Pharaoh (1966) is a movie adaptation from a novel (Faraon) by the turn-of-the-century Polish writer, Boleslaw Prus. I can't comment on the book which I may or may not have read as a kid, only the movie. As regards the former, Milosz himself has described Pharaoh as a "novel on... mechanism[s] of state power and, as such, ... probably unique in world literature of the nineteenth century.... Prus, [in] selecting the reign of 'Pharaoh Ramses XIII' in the eleventh century BCE, sought a perspective that was detached from... pressures of [topicality] and censorship. Through his analysis of the dynamics of an ancient Egyptian society, he... suggest[s] an archetype of the struggle for power that goes on within any state" [see Wikipedia under the "Pharaoh (novel)" entry]. From the same source we learn further down that "in the course of telling his story of power and personality, he [Prus] produced one of the most compelling literary depictions ever of life at every level of ancient Egyptian society. He offers a vision of mankind as rich as Shakespeare's, ranging from the sublime to the quotidian, from the tragic to the comic. The book is written in limpid prose, imbued with poetry, leavened with humor, graced with moments of transcendent beauty." All of which, I suppose, makes Prus's work my next reading assignment. But to the movie . . .
ii
The title alone would have us believe that we're about to witness a spectacle of sorts, and in a sense 'tis so. Don't expect, however, the kind of lavish production reminiscent of Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments (1956) or William Wyler's Ben-Hur (1959). An epic it's definitely not, and when compared to those productions – with respect to such conventional elements of modern drama as costume, special effects and the crowds – the film, you might say, is austere, reduced to bare bones. The budget is always a factor but I think other considerations were equally at work, one of them being a healthy dose of historical realism.
Take the chariot, for instance. Modern
fiction, aided by Hollywood-made movies, would have us believe that the chariot was a formidable weapon of ancient warfare. And while it may be true that by Nero's time, and for the purpose of gladiatorial games, the chariot may have undergone significant modifications in its general construction as regards its sturdiness and damage-inflicting potential. So it's not inconceivable that the chariots of those times would resemble the monstrous vehicles of warfare such as portrayed in Ben-Hur or the more recent Gladiator. Not so with The Ten Commandments which depicts the era of Ramses II (1279-1213 BC), the most likely pharaoh believed to have reigned during the times of Exodus. The reproduction above – a chariot removed and reassembled from the tomb of Tutankhamen (aka "King Tut") – dates back to 1333-1324BC), so it's highly unlikely that in so short a time the vehicle could have undergone a major transformation. And the same logic surely carries over to the times of Ramses III (1186-1155BC) – the hero of our story: his chariot looks so flimsy and poorly-made in fact that it makes you wonder how come it doesn't collapse from right under. In any case, it's still debatable whether the Egyptian chariot was primarily an instrument of warfare or whether it was designed with some other activity in mind, such as hunting. There is a general agreement, however, that the chariots used by Egypt's enemies – the Hittites, most notably, and other Mid-Eastern powers – were generally speaking heavier, sturdier in construction, and more adaptable to warfare. No doubt, topography had a lot to do with it: the deserts and uplands of Egypt were not suitable for heavy-styled chariots (see "The Chariot in Egyptian Warfare," Wikipedia).
As to the crowds, Memphis was no Rome. Though the ancient seat of the pharaohs and the administrative center of Egypt throughout the Old Kingdom – the population estimates vary from 30,000 inhabitants to mere 6,000 – its decline was near complete by the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom. So the sparseness of the crowd, while striking the unsuspecting eye (accustomed besides to Hollywood's idea of splendor) as somewhat incongruous and odd, is more in line with historical reality.
iii
But historical accuracy aside, the relative austerity of the scenery, and of production in general, serves a deeper, dramatic purpose. I think it's by design. Instead of the drama afforded by the grandness of the spectacle, we're treated to a drama of words. One thinks here of Hamlet, or of Richard III perhaps, in which plays (or movies adapted from said plays) the monologues and the soliloquies quite rightly precede and preempt all action and drama and become center-stage, although a comparison to the Greek tragedies – Aeschylean in particular – is, I think, apter. In those plays – such as in the Persae, for instance – the stage was delimited to two actors at a time, three at most, which had only brought forth the power of the spoken word; and it seems that Jerzy Kawalerowicz, the director, was after the same effect. Indeed, only in intensity does Pharaoh appear to depart from the Greek prototype: except for the heir to the pharaoh still reigning – the future Ramses III – the dialogue and the delivery lack in passion. It's only appropriate, however, considering that the chief antagonist of the youthful heir apparent is the priestly caste intent on holding on to their status of privilege. Stakes may be high but resolute and levelheaded, as becomes their class and position in society, they remain.
iv
The moral of the story? That insofar as humans are concerned, wielding of power requires wisdom, the greater the power one wields, the greater the need for wisdom. Secondarily, perhaps, that the purpose to which power is used is no exception. Indeed, even the most noble and worthy of causes – such as helping the people, strengthening the state, or the righting of justice – are no guarantee that the power so used won't misfire. Which calls for judicious exercise of power under all circumstances – aided by divine guidance, perhaps, as the priestly class would have it. Pharaoh is thus a tale for all times. But I won't tell you how the story ends lest I dissuade you from viewing the movie.
THE DOLL
i
The Doll (1968) is also a movie adaptation from a novel (Lalka) penned by the same writer. Which goes to show that good motion pictures proceed only from strong writing. The power of the image and the visual derive thus, so it would seem, from the power of the word and the author's conception as their origin.
The novel is regarded by many as one of the finest Polish novels ever written and, along with Pharaoh, made Prus a potential candidate for the Nobel Prize in literature. The influence of Zola is evident, and some have compared the novel to Madame Bovary by Flaubert; both were Prus's contemporaries. Upon seeing the movie, however, I'm convinced that Stendhal's Le Rouge et le Noir offers a more telling contrast.
ii
"Of course it's the women who keep the doors of society closed; they do not like outsiders to discover that there is nothing behind them" – so says Lord Steyne to Becky Sharp in Vanity Fair, the movie. The good Marquis forewarns thus the adventurous Becky, Becky the social climber, of the trouble ahead. And Becky's cardinal sin is, mind you, she's merely trying to improve her standing in society. God help those who commit a far greater offense and dare marry outside of their station, or those who become a party to such an alliance – like poor Rawdon Crawley, for instance – for theirs is the lot of disinheritance, infamy, even death.
Be that as it may, two sets of circumstances appear necessary in order for such an illicit union between a man and a woman to stand a chance in hell. First, at least one of the partners, if not two, must be strong enough to stand up to the pressures from his or her peers so as to persevere in the face of conventions. The inner strength and ambition on the part of the lesser of the culprits, in addition to constituting a dramatic element of the plot, is important insofar as it provides courage to the other; but the courage of the other party, the one who comes from a life of privilege and stands therefore to lose it all, is absolutely essential. The second requirement seems to be – there's got to be strong pressures, both from within and without, for the existing social barriers to crumble or at least lose their initial poignancy. Red and Black benefits from both elements – Stendhal's conception of his main characters and the defining historical moment (in this case, the ineptness of the Bourbon regime). Well, Prus's work is no different in kind. It is, in a manner of speaking, a variation on the theme.
iii
Consider the two plots. First, Red and Black [and I'm citing here from Erich Auerbach's Mimesis: the Representation of Reality in Western Literature (1953), p 454]:
Julien Sorel, the hero of Stendhal's novel Le Rouge et le Noir (1830), an ambitious and passionate young man, son of an uneducated petty bourgeois from the Franche-Comté, is conducted by a series of circumstances from the seminary at Besançon, where he had been studying theology, to Paris and the position of secretary to a gentleman of rank, the Marquis de la Mole, whose confidence he gains. Mathilde, the Marquis's daughter, is a girl of nineteen, witty, spoiled, imaginative, and so arrogant that her own position and circle begin to bore her. The dawning of her passion for her father's domestique is one of Stendhal's masterpieces and has been greatly admired.
And now, The Doll:
Wokulski begins his career as a waiter at Hopfer's, a Warsaw restaurant. The scion of an impoverished Polish noble family dreams of a life in science. After taking part in the failed 1863 Uprising against Tsarist Russia, he is sentenced to exile in Siberia. On eventual return to Warsaw, he becomes a salesman at Mincel's haberdashery. Marrying the late owner's widow (who eventually dies), he comes into money and uses it to set up a partnership with a Russian merchant he had met while in exile. The two merchants go to Bulgaria during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, and Wokulski makes a fortune supplying the Russian Army. The enterprising Wokulski now proves a romantic at heart, falling in love with Izabela, daughter of the vacuous, bankrupt aristocrat, Tomasz Łęcki. In his quest to win Izabela, Wokulski begins frequenting theatres and aristocratic salons; and to help her financially distressed father, founds a company and sets the aristocrats up as shareholders in the business (see Wikipedia under "The Doll (novel) entry).
Needless to say, both love affairs end up tragic.
iv
So far so good and the parallels with Red and Black are unmistakable: Wokulski's ambitious, go-getter's nature and the aristocrats' willingness to tolerate the intruder and admit him into their circle, so long as he's being useful of course, are two such elements. True, Wokulski is not a social climber like Julien Sorel was, and his infatuation with Izabela is not a means to an end for him; but this is a rather minor detail, a matter of a different dramatic conception, perhaps, though leading to no less tragic end. Where all the parallels break down, however, is in the person of Izabela Łęcki. Unlike Mathilde de la Mole, who is a free spirit and sees through the superficiality and shallowness of her own social circle, Izabela is superficial: she sees Wokulski only as a plebeian intruder into her rarefied world, a brute with huge red hands; for her, persons below the social standing of aristocrats are hardly human. Interestingly enough, while The Doll takes its fortuitous title from a minor episode involving a stolen toy, readers commonly assume that it refers to the principal female character. Quite so!
Equally striking is the contrast between French aristocratic circles during the Bourbon era and those of Poland at the turn of the nineteenth century. One such factor has already been alluded to – "the defining historical moment." The French upper classes during the Restoration lived under the specter of the French Revolution whose gory events were still too vivid in their memories, too horrifying to ever forget, whereas Polish aristocracy was relatively free of any sense of the impending doom. Facing no such crisis as yet, they were basking thus in the aura of their own invincibility and false sense of security, which had made them even more haughty than the French were, colder, crueler and more insensitive, and less amenable therefore to concession-making of any kind. Consequently, they guarded their privilege with even greater ardor and zeal than the French did. (What they shared in common with the French was a definite disdain for the bourgeoisie.)
There were other factors besides – the least of all being the fact that the Poles have always emulated the French – the French language itself being the lingua franca among the Polish elite while Warsaw had long enjoyed the reputation as "the little Paris." And as is true of all who are given to emulation, they tend surpass the very model which serves as a pattern – especially as regards such aspects as artificiality and pretentiousness and, generally speaking, the least favorable of traits. Wokulski's eventual downfall highlights thus The Doll's overarching theme: the inertia of Polish society.
v
The characters, the attitudes, and relationships of the dramatis personae . . . are very closely connected with contemporary historical circumstances; contemporary political and social conditions are woven into the action in a manner more detailed and more real than had been exhibited in any earlier novel. . . . So logically and systematically to situate the tragically conceived life of a man of low social position . . . within the most concrete kind of contemporary history and to develop it therefrom – this is an entirely new and highly significant phenomenon.
So writes Prof. Auerbach of Red and Black and Julien Sorel (pp 457-8). Well, the same kind of tragic realism pervades Prus's work, and it's captured most wonderfully in the movie. As regards Warsaw, for instance, "it was possible, in the Interbellum, to precisely locate the very buildings where, fictively, Wokulski had lived and [where] his store had been located . . . . " (Wikipedia) Especially striking is the contrast between the salon life, all gay and carefree, and the life in the street where misery and hunger was the order of the day. In between the two extremes, there were people like Wokulski.
A compelling story masterfully transformed into film, unforgettable imagery, brilliant performances – what more can one ask of a movie? I heartily recommend it. To whet your appetite, I've included a link to a five-minute clip – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6E8e6-hkalA – compliments of YouTube. Enjoy!
PS: Both movies are available in VHS format through Amazon.com under "faraon" and "doll-lalka" searches.


As I Lay Dying: random thoughts on the creative process (among other things)
I
It had started innocuously enough. First, they picked me up from the gutter and fed me. Then put a roof over my head and clothed me. And then, they left me there to die.
No use telling 'em to stick to basics – just a room with a view, of my own preferably, so I could read and write. But no! They had to go the full mile. It's like that with people with money. They think money can buy you everything.
It's a nice pad, really – one bedroom, a functional kitchen, a decent size living room, even a den to do some writing and whatnot. Furnished, too, including pantry and the fridge. I won't starve for a month, that's for sure. Best of all, it's all paid-for. So who am I to complain? Compared to the hole in the wall I was in, it's a palace, any bum's dream. But that was in sunny California. This is H town.
It's been over a week now since I was left thus to my own devices, each passing day more difficult than the last, and I'm going nuts. No one to see, nowhere to go. I don't know how much more I can take. Which will go first, my mind or my will? It occurs to me they're interchangeable.
The two books they'd left me with I devoured. "It'll keep you busy for a stretch," was their word on departing. And they have – for two straight days and nights, too. I'm reminding myself there's more where it came from – two thousand volumes give or take, still in transit, many of them unread. It'll keep me busy for the rest of my life if that's how I'd choose to spend it.
Somehow, I'm not very hopeful.
II
"Which single book would you rather have knowing that you'll be shipwrecked on a desert island?" (Many say, "the Bible.")
It's a preposterous idea, completely out of touch. Likewise with Robinson Crusoe, the fable. Why bother trying to survive, let alone read anything, if you're destined to spend the rest of your life alone? Even hope would be useless, for any such hope must center about the idea of "beating it." That's why all the clinging and clawing and scratching. Indeed, only with the appearance of good boy Friday does the novel assume the aura of credibility. The Lord of the Flies is by far a more realistic portrayal. For all the inherent evil and the darkness of human heart, both thinly veiled by upper-class upbringing and the veneer which is civilization, at least the boys have one another. They form a community.
Aristotle had once said that man is a political animal. Utter nonsense! He's a social animal first and foremost. It's not a great book that will keep you from going insane on a desert island, no musical composition or the finest work of art, but human interaction. Barring that, you'll have no chance in hell.
III
A scene from The Cardinal of the Kremlin, by Tom Clancy, comes to mind. It's a new KGB, more humane, above such methods of extracting information as torture, waterboarding, and whatnot. Sensory deprivation is the latest thing. They put you in a tank for a day or two, and you're floating. No sense of gravity to tell which side is up or down, no bodily movements to orient yourself by. You're in total darkness, deprived besides of all sound except perhaps the beating of your own heart; and after a while, even of that you're not certain. Yet your mind keeps on racing as never before and your imagination is at its most active, craving for input, any input, but none is forthcoming. You experience nothing except your own disembodied self. Soon enough, even this you begin to doubt. Am I dead or alive, in heaven or in hell? Any sensation, even excruciating pain, would be better, infinitely better and more welcome, than the state you're in. And so it was with Svetlana:
She was lying on a gurney when he got there, the wetsuit already taken off. He sat beside the unconscious form and held her hand as the technician jabbed her with a mild stimulant. She was a pretty one, the doctor thought as her breathing picked up. He waved the technician out of the room, leaving the two of them alone.
"Hello, Svetlana," he said in his gentlest voice. The blue eyes opened, saw the lights on the ceiling, and the walls. Then her head turned toward him.
He knew he was indulging himself, but he'd worked long into the night and the next day on this case, and this was probably the most important application of his program to date. The naked woman leaped off the table into his arms and nearly strangled him with a hug. It wasn't particularly because he was good-looking, the doctor knew, just that he was a human being, and she wanted to touch one. Her body was still slick with oil as her tears fell on his white laboratory coat. She would never commit another crime against the State, not after this. It was too bad that she'd have to go to a labor camp. Such a waste, he thought as he examined her. Perhaps he could do something about that. After ten minutes, she was sedated again, and he left her asleep.
IV
I'll never understand a recluse. It's a genetic defect or product of maladjustment. Both perhaps. How can people like that go through life is beyond me.
A writer's retreat is another oxymoron. And I don't mean "workshops" for they are community. I mean rather the condition of self-imposed solitude, as when you withdraw yourself from your natural habitat for art's sake. All art on my view is a by-product of interaction – the artist's response to his or her environment. To deprive oneself thus of the needed stimulus is not only foolhardy but ill-fated as well. It's like removing from under you the ground you stand on or extinguishing the fires. Memory is not enough. You need constant egging and agitation, aches and pains, a sense of accomplishment born out of struggle, agony and ecstasy, intensive engagements and strategic withdrawals. Like the rhythm of life itself with all its ebbs and flows. A creative process must reflect such a cycle since art is life in miniature. Otherwise, it's sterile.
V
There's no greater punishment than solitary confinement and no hope of escaping it. Give me a rowdy prison or Solzhenitsyn's gulag, sodomize me many times over, but don't deny me your presence. A concentration camp would be better than the jail I'm in.
I think of God as I write this, and I cry. All-consciousness and no one to share it with, all in vain for lack of connection! The Creator exiled from her own creation. There's no greater pain, no greater loneliness, no greater suffering. Hell would be a thousand times better. I pray there are angels in heaven – for God's sake!
Why then do I bother to write under these conditions? Right now it's the only meaning I can attach to life, my only connection with my past, my present, and even less certain future.
VI
I must diagnose my present condition, put a finger on what exactly is ailing me, identify the cancerous growth and remove it. I know that sitting on my ass all day long or twiddling my thumbs ain't going it cut it. It's a recipe for disaster.
As long as I remember, I was never conscious of time. There was never enough of it in a day to do all the things you wanted to; if anything, I'd always run out of time, wondering all along what I'd done with it, when and where I'd squandered it. But now? Time has become my constant companion, a fellow traveler, a shadow. And I can't seem to get rid of it; whichever way I turn, it keeps on following me like a phantom. It'd become my worst enemy in fact. Imagine – all the time in the world and nothing to do!
I'm thinking of strategies. Perhaps if I introduce rigor into my life, I might beat it. For all the drawbacks of living in a rural town, there are some advantages. For instance, everything's spread out. Just think: the nearest liquor store, two miles from my involuntary confinement; a smoke shop, mile and a half; a full-service supermarket, another two miles give or take. But you get the idea. So daily walks, I'm thinking, along with upper-body workouts, and I'll be in shape in no time. I realize it's artificial to be structuring your life so – it's so foreign to me! – but I have a bigger fish to fry. And now the immediate object, it seems to me, is to overcome the lethargy that's slowly setting in and taking over, a kind of numbness which gradually descends on both body and soul and is reminiscent of dying. A self-imposed regiment and Spartan lifestyle may well be the ticket.
VII
There's still the matter of quality. One would think an artist could create in the midst of turmoil, that some of the best works are born in fact out of some such and no other circumstances. Nothing could be more false! Where one usually goes wrong here is about the nature of the struggle: it's not with oneself but with the material. And while emotional conflict, hopelessness, despair, any of the above, may serve the artist as a necessary backdrop – indeed, as a powerful resource for the work in progress! – there's also a sense in which that struggle must essentially be over. In short, one must first come to terms with oneself, with his or her own situation, before one can tackle the extraneous problem of taking control and giving shape to the composition. Clearly, I've got a long way to go. Hence this frantic effort to pull myself by my own bootstraps and stress on the physical.
Yet I know I'm deluding myself. It's not my body that needs overhauling but my mind. Total catharsis! Mind and spirit has always been the prime mover for me, the body merely following. So let me just plug away with my writing though I know it stinks. Who knows, I might surprise myself one day and have a good laugh.
VIII
I intend for this work to be autobiographical after the manner of Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer – a kind of mélange of personal experiences and reminiscences put together into a coherent whole. I realize it's a tall order, him living in the City of Lights and I in H town – no colorful characters here, no memorable episodes, no heroes, least of all, no city which always holds its allure and forever keeps you captive. Right now it's just a diary – how well I know it! – a veritable record of my wretched state of mind, but give me time. Contrary to popular belief, Solzhenitsyn's Gulag was not a random collection of notes hurriedly jotted down on sheets of toilet paper but a reconstruction. Well, I'm in the same boat more or less, imprisoned with no means of escape. And I, too, hope to put these notes to good use someday, to make them into a readable whole, one that's compelling and flowing and all that. But first let me throw this albatross off my neck so I could breathe again. I've got to get back to the rhythm of writing. How else am I to justify my existence?
Meanwhile, I'm beset by images from the past. The other day I dreamt of Alameda. Apparently, I was visiting there with the idea of returning. It was a beautiful day, not a cloud in the sky, typical California weather. It seemed like a holiday or a Saturday at least, and the signs were abundant. Park Street was a real promenade, teeming with life and people strolling leisurely with no care in the world. I ran into Nick and Yvette. When I told them I'd moved to Kentucky, Nick exclaimed: "How could you do such a stupid thing?" I wanted to play chess but they had other plans. They promised though to call me the next day so we could have a few games.
And then there was Nancy. As she boarded the bus I was on, imagine, we started talking. She was as real as can be, every single aspect of her from head to toe, her voice and smile, too, so real in fact I felt I could almost touch her. It's been long since my dreams were this vivid. It's my mind, I guess, compensating for the unreality which surrounds me.
IX
In Tropic of Cancer, Henry Miller remarks: "It is not difficult to be alone if you are poor and a failure. An artist is always alone – if he is an artist. No, what the artist needs is loneliness."
It may be so. Consider, however, that Miller is residing in Paris, his true home. He's got plenty of friends among the émigré community, friends who sustain him through dinner invitations, conversations and whatnot, even if he is on the bum. And when worst comes to worst, Paris itself can become a friend. Hence the corrective: "Loneliness" doesn't work with "being alone" as a backdrop. Quite the contrary, it needs stimulation in order to be effective. Intensive engagements and strategic withdrawals!
But I had better stop my ramblings and thoughts of self-pity. Better times are sure to come.
PS: This was written on July 3, barely a month into my stay here, and was to be the opening chapter perhaps of my next work of fiction. Needless to say, I was still going through a rather difficult period of adjusting myself to living conditions so different from those in California and was at my lowest. Since then, my books and computer have arrived and I'm slowly regaining inner composure and sense of self. Consequently, I no longer feel trapped. (Which isn't to say I don't miss the social scene. The kind of sociability one can almost take for granted in Northern California, here one has to forge. And it ain't easy!) Besides, I've also made peace with my benefactors. Taking the lead from good ol' Atticus Finch (To Kill a Mockingbird), I've come to realize that to really understand people you've got to get in their shoes: For it's not only the case that most of us can't help who we are; when all is said and done, "most people are [real] nice . . . when you finally see them." And I'm trying to live up to this truth insofar as my nature and temperament will allow.
So why publish a piece which no longer reflects my true emotions and feelings? For one thing, I believe it contains some valid remarks on the nature of the creative process. More importantly, however, because it reverberates the main theme of my once feature article ("A History of this Blog"), as well as my early impressions of Kentucky life (as in "Postcard from Kentucky," for instance). As regards the latter, check out the local paper, Kentucky New Era, for local touch and flavor (see the link below or the margins). For good measure, I've also included an RSS feed from The Tennessean. Music City, USA.
http://www.kentuckynewera.com/
Posted at 05:40 PM in Book & Film Reviews/Literature, Social Commentary | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)